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Autumn colors are a phenomenon that, in many blade-changing trees and bushes occurs. The color of the leaves of many trees and shrubs shifts in the autumn months for several weeks slowly from their normal green color to a range of colors, ranging from yellow, orange to red and brown. At the end of this period the leaves fall.

In the autumn may in some plant, shrub and tree species discolor the leaves to yellow or golden, orange or red and brown. Because at low temperatures in the autumn the chlorophyll in the chloroplasts will be degraded present pigments visible. Xanthophylls make a yellow, carotenoids an orange, anthocyanins one red and the tannins a brown color visible.

The phenomenon is in English known as fall colors and autumn colors. In the late summer in some areas of the United States, particularly New England, and in Canada supplies the so-called leaf peeping tourism in the period between the beginning of the fall season and the time when the autumn leaves finally fall down a major contribution to the local economy.

Carotenoids are – alongside chlorophyll pigments – in organelles called plastids, tiny structures within the cells of the leaves. These are sometimes so abundant in the sheet they give the plant a green-yellow color, even in summer. But in most cases, carotenoids become apparent for the first time in autumn when the leaves begin to lose their chlorophyll.

It is a time of rainfall in some parts of the world, and the gradual decline in temperature. The days get shorter and the nights lengthen progressively. Plants deciduous lose their chlorophyll and the leaves become yellowish or reddish as a prelude to his downfall. Many fruits are at their optimum.

The colors of nature, is a very evocative art. Is associated with middle age. This is the beginning of the routine in most countries, to the point that in psychology we speak of “post-holiday syndrome.” So once called melancholia station and the theory of the four humours, corresponds to the black bile.

According to the number coming to the earth from the sun energy equinox should be centered on the respective seasons. But the delay in the change in temperature (caused by the physical properties of water and land) delays with respect to the astronomical seasons climate. The temperature delay varies depending on the specific location, so in some cultures, the autumnal equinox is regarded as the middle of autumn, but in the other – as the beginning of autumn. In North America, autumn begins with the autumnal equinox and the winter solstice ends.

In the autumn warm weather changes to cold, and produces the main harvest. These images are dominated in art and literary works, dedicated to the autumn. In Western cultures autumn usually personified as a sweet stout lady in jewelry from fruits, vegetables, cereals, which ripen the time. Many ancient civilizations celebrated the autumn harvest – often one of the most important events in their calendars.

Relationship autumn with changes from hot to cold weather in the northern hemisphere, and relationship status as the main season harvest, has dominated it’s themes and popular images. In Western culture, usually interesting persona autumn, the women filled with fruits, vegetables and grains that have ripened during the season. Many ancient cultures chose the celebration of autumn as the most important thing in their calendar.

Although a color change occurs in the leaves of deciduous trees, the foliage color change is most clearly seen in various regions of the world such as North America, East Asia (including China, Korea and Japan) Europe, Patagonia, eastern Australia and the South Island of New Zealand. Japan, Canada and New England are popular destinations to see the autumn foliage.

Particularly striking is the leaf discoloration before the autumnal leaf fall. This arises from the fact that in the cells the green nitrogen calcareous photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll decomposed and the nitrogen is transferred to the stem axis. In autumn, when chlorophyll decomposes, colorless flavonoids are deprived of atom of oxygen bonded to the central ring, which makes anthocyanin, giving bright colors. This chemical transformation is only in the loss of an atom of oxygen is responsible for our perception of the fall colors.

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