The Netherlands (Dutch: Nederland), informally Holland, is a country in Western Europe along the North Sea coast. In Europe, it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom.
Together with the Caribbean Netherlands, consisting of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba, it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The country’s official language is Dutch, with English and Papiamentu as secondary official languages in the Caribbean Netherlands, and West Frisian as a secondary official language in the province of Friesland.
Dutch Low Saxon and Limburgish are recognized regional languages (spoken in the east and southeast respectively), while Sinte Romani and Yiddish are recognized non-territorial languages.
The four largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, and Utrecht. Amsterdam is the country’s most populous city and nominal capital, while The Hague holds the seat of the States-General, Cabinet and Supreme Court. The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe and the busiest in any country outside Asia.
Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands and the third busiest in Europe. The country is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G10, NATO, OECD, and WTO, as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. It hosts several intergovernmental organizations and international courts, many of which are centered in The Hague, which is consequently dubbed ‘the world’s legal capital’.
Capital
and largest city
Amsterdam
52°22′N 4°53′E
Government seat The Hague[a]
Official languages Dutch
Co-official[b]
English
Papiamentu
West Frisian
Recognised[c]
Dutch Low Saxon
Limburgish
Sinte Romani
Yiddish
Ethnic groups (2017)
77.39% Dutch
9.88% Other Europeans
2.34% Turks
2.29% Moroccans
2.13% Moluccans and other Indonesians
2.05% Surinamese
0.90% Dutch Caribbeans
0.23% Other Americans
2.80% Other
Religion (2017)
50.7% Non-religious
23.6% Roman Catholic
14.9% Reformed or Lutheran
5.1% of Islam
5.6% Other
Demonym(s) Dutch
Sovereign state Kingdom of the Netherlands
Government Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy
• Monarch
Willem-Alexander
• Prime Minister
Mark Rutte
• Deputy Prime Ministers
Hugo de Jonge
Wouter Koolmees[d]
Carola Schouten
• Vice President of the Council of State
Thom de Graaf
Legislature States General
• Upper house
Senate
• Lower house
House of Representatives
Independence from Habsburg Spain
• Proclaimed
26 July 1581
• Recognised
30 January 1648
• Kingdom established
16 March 1815
• Liberation Day
5 May 1945
• UN admission
10 December 1945
• Charter
15 December 1954
• Caribbean incorporation
10 October 2010
Area
• Total
41,865 km2 (16,164 sq mi) (131st)
• Water (%)
19.26
Population
• 1 November 2019 estimate
17,424,978 Increase (64th)
• Density
421/km2 (1,090.4/sq mi) (12th)
GDP (PPP) 2019 estimate
• Total
$1.004 trillion (28th)
• Per capita
$58,255 (13th)
GDP (nominal) 2019 estimate
• Total
$914 billion (17th)
• Per capita
$53,016 (13th)
Gini (2018) Negative increase 27.4
low · 15th
HDI (2019) Increase 0.933
very high · 10th
Currency
Euro (€, EUR)
US dollar ($, USD)
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